The participants in the international conference Human Rights, Future Generations and Crimes in the Nuclear Age, held in Basel from September 14-17, 2017, affirm that the risks and impacts of nuclear weapons, depleted uranium weapons and nuclear energy, which are both transnational and trans-generational, constitute a violation of human rights, a transgression of international humanitarian and environmental law, and a crime against future generations.
We are convinced that the energy needs of all countries can be met by safe, sustainable, renewable energies, and that the security of all countries can be met without reliance on nuclear weapons. Our conclusions are based on the following;
On Uranium mining
· Uranium mining and enrichment, which provide the fuel for nuclear energy, release long-lasting and highly toxic radionuclides into the environment causing severe impact on the health of current and future generations exposed to the radiation;
· The nuclear fuel chain, especially uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing, provide possibilities for countries with these technologies to also produce nuclear weapons, creating additional threats to current and future generations.
· Finally, the financial prospects of uranium mining in the intermediate and long term future seem questionable at best, considering the existing downtrend in utilization of nuclear energy. Subsequently Governments may seriously consider ceasing the exploration of uranium.
On nuclear energy
· Along the chain of production, regular use and waste management of nuclear fuel for energy generation as well as after nuclear power plant accidents huge amounts of radioactive isotopes are released into the biosphere. Severe health effects as cancer and non-cancer diseases have been demonstrated in populations exposed. In particular resulting genetic changes impact on the health of current and future generations. Modern studies on low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) corroborate the Linear No Threshold [LNT] concept. Scientifically based understanding calls for acceptance of risk estimations at doses as low as 1 mSv. ICRP-recommendations must be revised as they are outdated one decade after their effective date.
· Many nuclear power plants, particularly in Europe, are located in regions of high population density;
· Any nuclear disaster has cross border effects affecting population of several countries, and would be an infringement of international law requiring states to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states.
· The 2015 Sendai United Nations declaration recognized that accountability for disaster risk creation is needed at all levels. Furthermore, all human rights need to be promoted and protected in any disaster situation, including man made hazards and technological risks;
· The exorbitantly high costs of nuclear energy production and management (including waste storage) make it an inappropriate investment as compared to renewable energies;
· Nuclear disasters like those at Mayak, Three Mile Island, Sellafield, Chernobyl and Fukushima, release massive quantities of radionuclides into the environment impacting on the health of current and future generations;
· Nuclear power plants, in operation and after their dismantlement, generate huge amounts of radioactive waste, which is dangerous for thousands of years, even longer than any known civilization has lasted. The question of safe long-term storage of radioactive waste over centuries has not been answered so far.
On nuclear weapons
· The use and testing of nuclear weapons has generated severe, trans-generational damage to health and the environment of those in the vicinity of the detonations and also to humanity as a whole;
· Recent research, highlighted by the series of international conferences on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons, indicates that any use of nuclear weapons on a populated area would cause disastrous humanitarian and environmental consequences, and any multiple use of nuclear weapons would cause catastrophic and irreversible damage to the climate in addition to the radiation and blast impacts;
· We affirm that nuclear deterrence is immoral, illegal and of doubtful value for security. The high risks of nuclear weapons being used in current confliicts such as in North East Asia, in other times of tension, and until nuclear weapons are eliminated provides an imperative for nuclear abolition.
· The financial and human investments in the nuclear arms race are deviating required resources from human, social and environmental needs. This includes promoting education, providing basic universal health care, protecting the climate and implementing the sustainable development goals.
On depleted uranium (DU) weapons
· Epidemiological reports indicate that exposure to depleted uranium has health impacts on those exposed and their offspring;
· Use of uranium for armor plating and piercing projectiles release depleted uranium into the environment, where it will be deposited for thousands of years, causing risks to combatants and non-combatants alike.
On international law applicable to nuclear weapons and energy
In addition to general international law, the following branches, inter alia, are applicable to nuclear weapons and nuclear energy:
· International human rights law protects, in particular, the right to life, the right not to be subject to inhuman or degrading treatment, the right to the highest standard of health and to a healthy environment, the right to an adequate standard of living, including the right to food and water, as well as the freedom of expression and the right to seek and receive information. Moreover, special instruments for particularly vulnerable groups, such as women, children, indigenous peoples or persons with disabilities, have been adopted and concluded.
· International humanitarian law: This body of law prohibits the use of weapons or methods of warfare that would indiscriminately impact on civilians, cause unnecessary suffering to combatants, violate neutral territories, be dis-proportionate to the provocation or cause severe, long-term or irreversible damage to the environment.
· The law of peace and security: This body of law, expressed primarily through the UN Charter, prohibits the threat or use of force except in legitimate self defence.
· Law protecting the environment and future generations: This body of law, expressed in a number of international treaties, provides a responsibility to ensure a sustainable environment for current and future generations, and to prohibit activities which are known to seriously threaten this. There is also a legal responsibility to prevent and protect the public from exposure to harm, when scientific investigation has found a plausible risk.
The production of nuclear energy violates human rights law and international law protecting the environment and future generations due to the impacts of nuclear energy on human health and the environment as outlined above.
The production, threat and use of nuclear weapons violate all four bodies of law outlined above. As such, we agree with the conclusion of the International Court of Justice that ‘the destructive impact of nuclear weapons cannot be contained in time or space’ and with the affirmation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons that ‘any use of nuclear weapons would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in particular the principles and rules of international humanitarian law.’ More-over, it would constitute an ecocide.
On rights and responsibilities under the law
· We call for full redress for all people whose health, well-being or livelihoods have been negatively impacted by uranium mining, nuclear energy and nuclear weapons;
· We welcome the provision in the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons on victim assistance and environmental remediation and call for its full implementation;
· We appeal to all those in the nuclear weapons and energy industries and administrating government departments to recognize the illegality of the production of nuclear weapons and energy, and to cease such activities;
· We welcome the conclusions of the International Peoples’ Tribunal on Nuclear Weapons and the Destruction of Human Civilisation. held on July 7-9, 2016, that convicted (in absentia) the leaders of the nuclear-armed States (and one of the allied States as a test case) for war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes against peace, crimes against future generations and crimes of threatening, planning and preparing acts which would constitute ecocide, which is understood as causing serious damage to, or destruction, of an ecosystem or ecosystems, or of causing serious, long-term or irreversible damage to the global commons.
· We welcome the fact that the majority of countries neither produce nuclear energy nor possess nuclear weapons, and we call on all other countries to join them.
· We welcome the establishment of the International Renewable Energy Agency, which provides assistance to countries to develop renewable energies, and we highlight it’s 2016 Report REthinking Energy: Renewable Energy and Climate Change which demonstrates the possibilities to completely replace fossil fuels by safe renewable energies, without relying on nuclear energy, by 2030.
· We commend the 184 countries who have joined the Non-Proliferation Treaty as non-nuclear States and the 122 countries who voted in favour of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons which also prohibits the threat or use of nuclear weapons. We call on all countries to agree to the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons and to adopt, at the 2018 UN High Level Conference on Disarmament, a framework to implement this.
· We call on all countries utilizing nuclear energy to announce a program for phasing out their use of nuclear energy and replacing it with renewable energy sources.
· Finally, as doctors, lawyers, scientists and nuclear experts from 27 countries we consider it as our moral duty to highlight the facts regarding nuclear energy and weapons, and promote a safe, sustainable and peaceful future for humanity and our planet consistent with human rights and the rights of future generations.
As such we make the following proposals:
1. All countries at the United Nations shall promote human rights, the rights of future generations, and the legal requirements to phase out nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. We support the initiatives that Switzerland has taken to phase out nuclear energy domestically and to prohibit nuclear weapons globally, and we encourage Switzerland to take further efforts at the United Nations to prohibit all aspects of the nuclear energy and weapons industries.
2. The Linear No Threshold [LNT] concept and collective dose-calculations allow extrapolations of health risks in large populations exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation. Current scientifically based understanding calls for acceptance of risk estimations at doses as low as 1 mSv and therefore asks for a revision of the ICRP-recommendations, which are outdated one decade after their effective date.
3. Violations of human rights by ionizing radiation sources must be documented epidemiologically. In this regard medical standards for compensation of victims have to be established. Companies / people found to violate the rights of the concerned workers must be held responsible by national and international courts. Everyone has the right to seek and receive information. Victims must be compensated.
4. The employment of nuclear weapons, as well as indiscriminate damage to health and to the environment resulting from other nuclear activities, should be included as a crime against humanity under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. We also call for amendment of the Rome Statute to include the crime of ecocide.
5. Young people and students need to be alerted to the relation between « Nuclear energy / nuclear weapons – Violations of human rights – Rights of future generations. Their human rights are endangered and therefore they need to become active and encouraged to have their current and future interests respected. Law and medical faculties are encouraged to consider teaching on human rights in their corresponding curricula, in general but also in the mentioned context of the ‘Nuclear fuel chain’, and this also in view of the rights of future generations.
6. The 28 May 1959 agreement between the World Health organization and the IAEA, which leads to conflict of interest and limits the free information on health consequences of nuclear civil use, must be abolished
7. The participants of the Symposium ‘Human Rights, Future Generations and Crimes in the Nuclear Age’ are ready to share these demands and communicate them to decision makers in other countries.
Contacts:
Conference website: www.events-swiss-ippnw.org
Association of Swiss Lawyers for Nuclear Disarmament: https://safna.org
Basel Peace Office: www.baselpeaceoffice.org
International Center for Comparative Environmental Law: www.cidce.org
PSR/IPPNW Schweiz: www.ippnw.ch
Uranium Network: www.uranium-network.org